RESUMEN
Objetivo: conocer las características epidemiológicas de pacientes que ingresan por sepsis severa (SS) y shock séptico (ShS); valorar la implementación de recomendaciones de la campaña Sobrevivir a las Sepsis (CSS) y determinar variables asociadas con mal pronóstico vital. Diseño: estudio prospectivo, observacional, cohorte única, multicéntrico, durante un año (setiembre 2011 - agosto 2012). Ámbito: cinco centros de Montevideo, del subsector público y privado con cobertura de 800.000 habitantes. Pacientes y métodos: 153 pacientes que ingresaron con diagnóstico de SS y ShS a las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de forma consecutiva. Variables de interés principales: aquellas relacionadas con características del paciente y episodio de sepsis, medidas diagnósticas y terapéuticas según la CSS en las primeras 48 horas, y pronósticas en UCI, hospital y a los seis meses. Resultados: se incluyeron 153 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue 68 años, la de Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) fue de 24; 73,9% recibieron asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM), con una mediana de 8 días. La mediana de estadía en CTI fue de 12 y la de estadía hospitalaria fue de 19 días. De los episodios de SS, ShS, 69,3% de los casos fue comunitario; 77,8% presentó shock, y 37,9% inmunodebilidad-inmunocompromiso. Predominó la sepsis de origen respiratorio en 30,1%, se aisló microorganismos en 64,1%, siendo bacterianas 95,9%. La mortalidad en CTI fue 49,7%, hospitalaria 54,9% y a seis meses 58,8%. Se asociaron a mayor mortalidad hospitalaria: edad, APACHE II, inmunodebilidad-compromiso, demoras de ingreso a UCI e inicio de antimicrobianos y balance positivo. Conclusiones: los pacientes ingresan a UCI con formas severas o estado biológico comprometido. Existen demoras y limitaciones en el diagnóstico y terapéutica inicial, situaciones que se asocian a mayor mortalidad hospitalaria.
Abstract Objective: to learn about the epidemiological characteristics of patients who are admitted for severe sepsis (SS) and septic shock (Ssh); to assess the implementation of recommendations in the Surviving Sepsis Campaign and to determine variables associated to a bad vital prognosis. Design: prospective, observational study, single cohort, multi-center, conducted in five centers in Montevideo, the public and private sub-sector with coverage for 800,000 inhabitants during one year (September 2011- August 2012). Method: 153 patients who were consecutively admitted with a SS and Ssh diagnosis in the intensive care units. Main relevant variables: those related to characteristics of patients themselves and the sepsis episode, diagnostic and therapeutic measures according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in the first 48 hours, and prognostic in the ICU, the hospital and six months later. Results: 153 patients were included, average age was 68 years old and APACHE II 24; 73.9 % of patients needed mechanic ventilation during an average of 8 days. Median length of stay in the ICU was 12 and median hospital stay was 19 days. 69.3% of sepsis were community acquired, 77.8% evidenced shock and 37.9% presented immune deficiency were immunocompromised. Respiratory origin prevailed in 30.2% of patients and in 64.1% of patients the microorganism was identified, bacteria being 95.9% of cases. Mortality in the ICU was 49.7%, in the hospital it was 54.9% and 58.8%. The following were associated to a greater hospital mortality: APACHE II, immune-deficiency, delays in admittance to the ICU and initiation of antimicrobial, and positive balance.
Resumo Objetivo: conhecer as características epidemiológicas dos pacientes admitidos por Sepse Severa (SS) e Choque Séptico (ShS); avaliar a implementação das recomendações da Campanha Sobreviver à Sepse (CSS) e determinar variáveis associadas com mal prognóstico vital. Estudo: prospectivo, observacional, coorte única, multicêntrico, realizado em cinco centros, dos setores público e privado, de Montevidéu, com cobertura de 800.000 habitantes, no período setembro 2011 - agosto 2012. Pacientes e métodos: pacientes com diagnóstico de SS e ShS admitidos, em forma consecutiva, nas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Foram estudadas as variáveis relacionadas com as características do paciente e com o episódio de sepse, as medidas diagnósticas e terapêuticas segundo a CSS nas primeiras 48 horas, e as prognósticas na UCI, no hospital e aos 6 meses. Resultados: foram incluídos 153 pacientes; a mediana de idade foi 68 anos e de APACHE II 24; em 73,9% dos pacientes foi feita assistência respiratória mecânica - ARM, com uma mediana de 8 dias. As medianas de dias de permanência foram 12 dias na UCI e 9 no hospital. 69.3% das Sepses foram comunitárias, 77,8% apresentaram choque e 37,9% imunodebilidade-imunocompromisso. Na maioria dos pacientes a origem foi respiratória (30,1%) e foi possível isolar o microrganismo em 64,1%, sendo bactérias em 95,9% dos casos. A mortalidade na UCI foi de 49,7%, a hospitalar 54,9% e aos 6 meses 58,8%. Estavam associados a maior mortalidade hospitalar: idade, APACHE II, imunodebilidade-compromisso, demora na admissão a UCI e início de antimicrobianos, e balance positivo. Conclusões: os pacientes foram admitidos nas UCI com formas severas de sepse e/ou estado biológico comprometido. Existem demoras e limitações no diagnóstico e na terapêutica inicial, situações que estão associadas a maior mortalidade hospitalar.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Choque Séptico , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/terapia , Sepsis/epidemiología , Uruguay , Estudio MulticéntricoRESUMEN
Cuidado paliativo é uma forma de abordagem que visa a melhoria da qualidade de vida de pacientes e seus familiares que enfrentam doenças ameaçadoras à vida, através da prevenção, da identificação e do tratamento precoces dos sintomas de sofrimento físico, psíquico, espiritual e social. Todo paciente criticamente enfermo deve receber cuidados paliativos desde a internação, o que torna de primordial importância a educação e o treinamento dos intensivistas para a implantação destes cuidados nas unidades de terapia intensiva, tanto para atendimento de adultos como pediátrico. Em continuidade aos planos da Câmara Técnica de Terminalidade e Cuidados Paliativos da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira e, levando em consideração o conceito previamente apontado, foi realizado em outubro de 2010, durante o Congresso Brasileiro de Terapia Intensiva, o IIºForum do "Grupo de Estudos do Fim da Vida do Cone Sul", com o objetivo de elaborar recomendações pertinentes aos cuidados paliativos a serem prestados aos pacientes críticamente enfermos.
Palliative care is aimed to improve the quality of life of both patients and their family members during the course of life-threatening diseases through the prevention, early identification and treatment of the symptoms of physical, psychological, spiritual and social suffering. Palliative care should be provided to every critically ill patient; this requirement renders the training of intensive care practitioners and education initiatives fundamental. Continuing the Technical Council on End of Life and Palliative Care of the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine activities and considering previously established concepts, the II Forum of the End of Life Study Group of the Southern Cone of America was conducted in October 2010. The forum aimed to develop palliative care recommendations for critically ill patients.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1). METHODS: An observational study of patients with confirmed or probable 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation was performed. RESULTS: We studied 96 patients (mean age, 45 [14] years [mean, SD]; 44% female). Shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome were diagnosed during the first 72 hours of admission in 43% and 72% of patients, respectively. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was used in 45% of the patients, but failed in 77% of them. Bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 33% of cases, 8% during the first week (due to community-acquired microorganisms) and 25% after the first week (due to gram-negative bacilli and resistant gram-positive cocci). Intensive care unit mortality was 50%. Nonsurvivors differed from survivors in the prevalence of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematologic failure on admission and late pneumonia. Reported causes of death were refractory hypoxia, multiorgan failure, and shock (50%, 38%, and 12% of all causes of death, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation often present with clinical criteria of acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. Bacterial pneumonia is a frequent complication. Mortality is high and is primarily due to refractory hypoxia.
Asunto(s)
Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Humana/mortalidad , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/mortalidad , Choque/mortalidad , Adulto , Femenino , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Hipoxia/etiología , Hipoxia/mortalidad , Gripe Humana/complicaciones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/etiología , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/mortalidad , Neumonía Bacteriana/complicaciones , Neumonía Bacteriana/mortalidad , Respiración con Presión Positiva , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/etiología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Choque/etiologíaRESUMEN
Palliative care is aimed to improve the quality of life of both patients and their family members during the course of life-threatening diseases through the prevention, early identification and treatment of the symptoms of physical, psychological, spiritual and social suffering. Palliative care should be provided to every critically ill patient; this requirement renders the training of intensive care practitioners and education initiatives fundamental. Continuing the Technical Council on End of Life and Palliative Care of the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine activities and considering previously established concepts, the II Forum of the End of Life Study Group of the Southern Cone of America was conducted in October 2010. The forum aimed to develop palliative care recommendations for critically ill patients.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Avaliar as condutas tomadas nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) com os pacientes críticos terminais. MÉTODOS: Os membros do grupo de estudo do final da vida das sociedades Argentina, Brasileira e Uruguaia de Terapia Intensiva elaboraram um questionário no qual constavam avaliações demográficas sobre os participantes, sobre as instituições em que os mesmos trabalhavam e decisões sobre limite de esforço terapêutico (LET). Neste estudo de corte transversal os membros da equipe multiprofissional das sociedades responderam o questionário durante eventos científicos e, via on line. As variáveis foram analisadas através do teste qui-quadrado sendo considerado significativa p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 420 profissionais. No Brasil as UTI tinham mais leitos, foi mais rara a permissão irrestrita de visitas, os profissionais eram mais jovens, trabalhavam a menos tempo na UTI e houve maior participação de não médicos. Três visitas/dia foi o número mais frequente nos três países. Os fatores que mais influíram nas decisões de LET foram prognóstico da doença, co-morbidades e futilidade terapêutica. Nos três países mais de 90 por cento dos participantes já havia decidido por LET. Reanimação cardiorrespiratória, administração de drogas vaso-ativas, métodos dialíticos e nutrição parenteral foram as terapias mais suspensas/recusadas nos três países. Houve diferença significativa quanto à suspensão da ventilação mecânica, mais frequente na Argentina, seguida do Uruguai. Analgesia e sedação foram as terapias menos suspensas nos três países. Definições legais e éticas foram apontadas como as principais barreiras para a tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÃO: Decisões de LET são frequentemente utilizados entre os profissionais que atuam nas UTI dos três países. Existe uma tendência da ação de LET mais pró-ativa na Argentina, e uma maior equidade na distribuição das decisões no Uruguai. Essa diferença parece estar relacionada às diferenças...
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate end-of-life procedures in intensive care units. METHODS: A questionnaire was prepared by the End-of-Life Study Group of the Argentinean, Brazilian and Uruguayan Intensive Care societies, collecting data on the participants demographics, institutions and limit therapeutic effort (LTE) decision making process. During this cross sectional study, the societies multidisciplinary teams members completed the questionnaire either during scientific meetings or online. The variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test, with a p<0.05 significance level. RESULTS: 420 professionals completed the questionnaire. The Brazilian units had more beds, unrestricted visit was less frequent, their professionals were younger and worked more recently in intensive care units, and more non-medical professionals completed the questionnaire. Three visits daily was the more usual number of visits for the three countries. The most influencing LTE factors were prognosis, co-morbidities, and therapeutic futility. In the three countries, more than 90 percent of the completers had already made LTE decisions. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, vasoactive drugs administration, dialysis and parenteral nutrition were the most suspended/refused therapies in the three countries. Suspension of mechanic ventilation was more frequent in Argentina, followed by Uruguay. Sedation and analgesia were the less suspended therapies in the three countries. Legal definement and ethical issues were mentioned as the main barriers for the LTE decision making process. CONCLUSION: LTE decisions are frequent among the professionals working in the three countries intensive care units. We found a more proactive LTE decision making trend In Argentina, and more equity for decisions distribution in Uruguay. This difference appears to be related to the participants different ages, experiences, professional types and genders.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate end-of-life procedures in intensive care units. METHODS: A questionnaire was prepared by the End-of-Life Study Group of the Argentinean, Brazilian and Uruguayan Intensive Care societies, collecting data on the participants demographics, institutions and limit therapeutic effort (LTE) decision making process. During this cross sectional study, the societies multidisciplinary teams members completed the questionnaire either during scientific meetings or online. The variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test, with a p<0.05 significance level. RESULTS: 420 professionals completed the questionnaire. The Brazilian units had more beds, unrestricted visit was less frequent, their professionals were younger and worked more recently in intensive care units, and more non-medical professionals completed the questionnaire. Three visits daily was the more usual number of visits for the three countries. The most influencing LTE factors were prognosis, co-morbidities, and therapeutic futility. In the three countries, more than 90% of the completers had already made LTE decisions. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, vasoactive drugs administration, dialysis and parenteral nutrition were the most suspended/refused therapies in the three countries. Suspension of mechanic ventilation was more frequent in Argentina, followed by Uruguay. Sedation and analgesia were the less suspended therapies in the three countries. Legal definement and ethical issues were mentioned as the main barriers for the LTE decision making process. CONCLUSION: LTE decisions are frequent among the professionals working in the three countries intensive care units. We found a more proactive LTE decision making trend In Argentina, and more equity for decisions distribution in Uruguay. This difference appears to be related to the participants different ages, experiences, professional types and genders.
RESUMEN
As condutas de limitação de tratamento oferecidas a pacientes portadores de doenças terminais, internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, tem aumentado a sua freqüência nos últimos anos em todo o mundo. Apesar disto, ainda existe uma grande dificuldade dos intensivistas brasileiros em oferecer o melhor tratamento àqueles pacientes que não se beneficiariam com terapêuticas curativas. O objetivo deste comentário é apresentar uma sugestão de fluxograma para atendimento de pacientes com doenças terminais que foi elaborado, baseado na literatura e experiência de experts, pelos membros do comitê de ética e de terminalidade da AMIB.
Withholding of treatment in patients with terminal disease is increasingly common in intensive care units, throughout the world. Notwithstanding, Brazilian intensivists still have a great difficulty to offer the best treatment to patients that have not benefited from curative care. The objective of this comment is to suggest an algorithm for the care of terminally ill patients. It was formulated based upon literature and the experience of experts, by members of the ethics committee and end-of-life of AMIB - Brazilian Association of Intensive Care.
RESUMEN
Withholding of treatment in patients with terminal disease is increasingly common in intensive care units, throughout the world. Notwithstanding, Brazilian intensivists still have a great difficulty to offer the best treatment to patients that have not benefited from curative care. The objective of this comment is to suggest an algorithm for the care of terminally ill patients. It was formulated based upon literature and the experience of experts, by members of the ethics committee and end-of-life of AMIB - Brazilian Association of Intensive Care.
